Bioplastics as a Solution to Plastic Pollution

In Woburn, Massachusetts, a significant development is underway at a local lab. Pebble-sized pellets, known as bioplastic pellets, are converted into forks and films that do not leave microplastics in the environment. At CJ Biomaterials, the focus lies on fermenting sugar to create plant-based polymers, which microbes can digest. These polymers present an alternative to traditional plastics made from fossil fuels.

Bioplastics Production

Lab technicians at the Woburn facility work to create products with plant-based polymers. Recent activities involved pouring pellets into a molding machine to create forks. Some forks proved suitable for home composting, yet were too flexible for piercing tougher foods like steak. Meanwhile, other batches resembled typical plastic forks. Beyond forks, technicians also produced flexible films for food packaging, such as bags for baby carrots. Although the film was sturdy, it lacked the elasticity of cling wrap.

Compostable Products and Environmental Impact

These biopolymers aim to replicate attributes of conventional plastics, yet are compostable. Forks, films, and other products in CJ Biomaterials’ lab are actively breaking down in a composting environment. Sturdy products like knives show signs of bacterial interaction, starting the decomposition process. The lab showcases a suite of compostable products including cutlery, straws, and coated cups, all of which are designed to withstand shelf-life by avoiding exposure to microorganisms in water or soil.

“Interest in bioplastic is on the rise due to concerns over microplastics,” said Leah Ford, CJ Biomaterials’ marketing director.

Traditional plastics can last for centuries, fragmenting into harmful microplastics. These particles are increasingly present in the ocean, air, food, and water. In contrast, bioplastics offer a biodegradable alternative.

South Korean Conglomerate and Global Reach

CJ Biomaterials belongs to the CJ Group, a $32 billion South Korean conglomerate. Since 2022, it has produced PHA at a facility in Indonesia. These bioplastics represent a small but growing fraction of global plastic production. According to European Bioplastics, biobased plastics account for about 0.5% of the over 400 million metric tons of plastics produced annually, with production expected to double by 2030.

Challenges and Adoption

Despite the potential benefits, challenges remain. Bioplastics are generally more expensive than conventional plastics. Municipal composting programs are limited, posing challenges for widespread adoption. Additionally, the similarity between bioplastic and traditional plastic can lead to confusion and contamination in composting processes.

Nonetheless, there is growing corporate interest. Large sports stadiums and restaurant chains like McDonald’s are experimenting with biobased packaging and utensils. Furthermore, as bioplastics gain traction, it also boosts the volume of food scraps processed by composting facilities.

Research and Development

The 5 Gyres Institute conducted a study on various biodegradable and biobased products, including utensils and packaging. Over a 64-week period, many biodegradable items decomposed, while traditional plastic items remained intact. The institute continues researching end-of-life scenarios for modern packaging, emphasizing the importance of biodegradable options for reducing microplastic pollution.